In the early afternoon of October 28, 2025, Category 5 Hurricane Melissa made landfall in Jamaica. Like the biblical plagues unleashed in Egypt, the storm took lives. At least 45 people perished in or from the turbulence of the wind, rain, and surging waters.

Generational destruction was inflicted on public buildings and infrastructure, private homes, and other property. Current financial estimates place the devastation at around US$ 12.2 billion; a figure that cannot include the incommensurables of psychological pathologies and social dislocations.

HUMAN ACTIVITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE