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Long-threat­ened tar­iffs from U.S. Pres­i­dent Don­ald Trump have plunged the coun­try in­to trade wars abroad — all while on-again, off-again new levies con­tin­ue to es­ca­late un­cer­tain­ty.

Trump is no stranger to tar­iffs. He launched a trade war dur­ing his first term, tak­ing par­tic­u­lar aim at Chi­na by putting tax­es on most of its goods. Bei­jing re­spond­ed with its own re­tal­ia­to­ry tar­iffs on U.S. prod­ucts rang­ing from fruit to au­to­mo­tive im­ports. Mean­while, Trump al­so used the threat of more tar­iffs to force Cana­da and Mex­i­co to rene­go­ti­ate a North Amer­i­can trade pact, called the U.S.-Mex­i­co-Cana­da Agree­ment, in 2020.

When Pres­i­dent Joe Biden took of­fice, he pre­served most of the tar­iffs Trump pre­vi­ous­ly en­act­ed against Chi­na, in ad­di­tion to im­pos­ing some new re­stric­tions — but his ad­min­is­tra­tion claimed to take a more tar­get­ed ap­proach.