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Steep U.S. tar­iffs on a range of In­di­an prod­ucts took ef­fect Wednes­day, threat­en­ing a se­ri­ous blow to In­dia’s over­seas trade in its largest ex­port mar­ket.

Pres­i­dent Don­ald Trump had ini­tial­ly an­nounced a 25% tar­iff on In­di­an goods. But ear­li­er this month he signed an ex­ec­u­tive or­der im­pos­ing an ad­di­tion­al 25% tar­iff due to In­dia’s pur­chas­es of Russ­ian oil, bring­ing the com­bined tar­iffs im­posed by the U.S. on its al­ly to 50%.

The In­di­an gov­ern­ment es­ti­mates the tar­iffs will im­pact $48.2 bil­lion worth of ex­ports. Of­fi­cials have warned the new du­ties could make ship­ments to the U.S. com­mer­cial­ly un­vi­able, trig­ger­ing job loss­es and slow­er eco­nom­ic growth.